DNA Polymerases
DNA polymerases maintain genome integrity by synthesizing DNA during replication, repair, recombination, translesion synthesis, and checkpoint-associated processes[1]. In eukaryotic DNA replication, Pol α initiates synthesis with RNA/DNA primers, while Pol δ and Pol ε extend DNA from primer ends[2]. Mechanistically, evidence supports Pol ε as the primary leading-strand replicase and Pol δ as the main lagging-strand replicase at the eukaryotic replication fork[3]. In DNA repair, base excision repair (BER) corrects oxidative, deamination, and alkylation damage, then uses polymerase-dependent repair synthesis and ligation to restore DNA continuity[4]. Compared with replicative isoforms, Pol β functions as a BER enzyme whose polymerase and dRP lyase activities coordinate gap filling and sugar-phosphate removal[5]. In mitochondria, Pol γ differs from nuclear polymerases because it is the only known human mitochondrial DNA polymerase and is essential for mitochondrial DNA replication and repair[6]. In damage-tolerance models, Pol η differs from high-fidelity replicative polymerases by enabling bypass of UV-induced thymine dimers, and POLH defects define xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells[7]. For experimental applications, aphidicolin inhibits B-family DNA polymerases and provides a tool for probing replication-dependent DNA synthesis[8].
References:
- [1]. Hubscher U, et al. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annu Rev Biochem. 2002;71:133-63. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Chilkova O, et al. The eukaryotic leading and lagging strand DNA polymerases are loaded onto primer-ends via separate mechanisms but have comparable processivity in the presence of PCNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(19):6588-97. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Miyabe I, et al. The major roles of DNA polymerases epsilon and delta at the eukaryotic replication fork are evolutionarily conserved. PLoS Genet. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002407. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Krokan HE, et al. Base excision repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013 Apr 1;5(4):a012583. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kumar A, et al. Interlocking activities of DNA polymerase β in the base excision repair pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Mar 8;119(10):e2118940119. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Vanselow C, et al. Genetic analysis of the Photosystem I subunits from the red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Jan;1787(1):46-59. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Masutani C, et al. The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta. Nature. 1999 Jun 17;399(6737):700-4. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Baranovskiy AG, et al. Structural basis for inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Dec 16;42(22):14013-21. [Content Brief]
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DNA Polymerases Related Products (158)
Related Products (158)
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AZT triphosphate tetraammonium
0 ImagesSynonyms: 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate tetraammoniumAZT triphosphate (3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate) tetraammonium is an active triphosphate metabolite of Zidovudine (AZT). AZT triphosphate tetraammonium exhibits antiretroviral activity and inhibits replication of HIV. AZT triphosphate tetraammonium also inhibits the DNA polymerase of HBV. AZT triphosphate tetraammonium activates the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway.
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2'-O,4'-C-Methyleneguanosine
0 ImagesSynonyms: LNA-G2′-O,4′-C-Methyleneguanosine (LNA-G) is a reverse guanine analog, where LNA (locked nucleic acid) is a nucleic acid analog. LNA modification can be widely used in various fields, such as effective binding affinity with complementary sequences and stronger nuclease resistance than natural nucleotides, providing great potential for application in disease diagnosis and research. 2'-O,4'-C-Methyleneguanosine is a substrate for KOD DNA polymerase, which incorporates LNA-G nucleotides into growing DNA strands, including consecutive incorporations , to generate full-length extension products.
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T4 UvsX Recombinase
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-E70094T4 UvsX Recombinase helps initiate DNA replication on a double-stranded DNA template by catalyzing synapsis between the template and a homologous DNA single strand that serves as primer. T4 UvsX Recombinase greatly amplifies the snap-back (hairpin-primed) DNA synthesis that is catalyzed by the T4 DNA polymerase holoenzyme on linear, single-stranded DNA templates.
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3′-Deoxythymidine
0 ImagesSynonyms: 2′,3′-Dideoxythymidine; ddThd3′-Deoxythymidine (2′,3′-Dideoxythymidine), a nucleoside analog, inhibits eukaryotic cellular and viral DNA polymerases, and inhibits retrovirus infection in some cells.
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MIR002
0 ImagesMIR002 is a potent and orally active DNA polymerase α (POLA1) and HDAC 11 dual inhibitor. MIR002 induces acetylation of p53, activation of p21, G1/S cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. MIR002 shows significant antitumor activity in vivo.
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7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine
0 Images7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine is an isosteric dATP analog of 2'-deoxyadenosine. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine is recognized by various DNA polymerases and incorporated into DNA strands as a substrate. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine undergoes a bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction with tetrazine-modified molecules, enabling site-specific labeling of DNA, surface antibody immobilization and intracellular fluorescent labeling. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine reduces the DNA curvature of d(A6)·d(T6) fragments and the stability of DNA/RNA double helices, and leads to decreased antisense activity against SV40 T Antigen. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine finds application in the research field of SV40 T Antigen-related cancers.
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NSC639828
0 ImagesNSC639828 is a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerase α with an IC50 of 70 μM. NSC639828 has high antitumor activity. NSC639828 has the potential for researching cancer disease.
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2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate-13C10,15N5 (dilithium)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-136648S1Purity: 99.2%Synonyms: dATP-13C10,15N5 dilithium2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate-13C10,15N5 (dATP-13C10,15N5) dilithium is 13C and 15N-labeled 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (HY-136648). 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (dATP) is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
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PNR-7-02
0 ImagesPNR-7-02 is a dual Rev1 and human DNA polymerase η (hpol η) inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 8 μM against hpol η. PNR-7-02 binds to hpol η to disrupt the orientation of template DNA and block the catalytic function of hpol η. When used in combination with Cisplatin (HY-17394), PNR-7-02 induces DNA damage and replication stress in cells with intact hpol η function. PNR-7-02 can be used in mechanism studies related to chronic myeloid leukemia and ovarian cancer.
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5-Methoxyflavone
0 Images5-Methoxyflavone, belonged to Flavonoid family, is a DNA polymerase-beta inhibitor and neuroprotective agent against beta-amyloid toxicity. possess central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect mediated through the ionotropic GABAA receptors.
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GEM144
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-143411CAS No.: 2487526-28-1GEM144 is a potent and orally active DNA polymerase α (POLA1) and HDAC 11 dual inhibitor. GEM144 induces acetylation of p53, activation of p21, G1/S cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. GEM144 has significant antitumor activity in human orthotopic malignant pleural mesothelioma xenografts.
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Pfu DNA Polymerase
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-E70376CAS No.: 2304873-45-6Pfu DNA Polymerase is an important enzyme in PCR-related experiments, which is initially found in Pyrococcus furiosus. Pfu DNA Polymerase exhibits thermostability and high fidelity.
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Deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-W013715BCAS No.: 27821-54-1Synonyms: dTTP trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR GradeDeoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade (dTTP trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade) is a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate and a thymidine analog, which serves as a direct precursor for DNA synthesis. Deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade can be used for DNA amplification in the DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade is also applicable to research related to diseases such as leukemia.
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UCK2 Inhibitor-3
0 ImagesUCK2 Inhibitor-3 is a non-competitive inhibitor of uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2, a pyrimidine salvage enzyme) with an IC50 value of 16.6 μM. UCK2 can replace dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), in a certain extent, in infected or rapidly dividing cells to continue efficient uridine salvage. UCK2 Inhibitor-3 also inhibits DNA polymerase eta and kappa with IC50s of 56 μM and 16 μM.
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SY-589
0 ImagesSY-589 is an orally active DNA polymerase Polθ helicase domain inhibitor (IC50=2.29 nM) and DNA damage inducer. SY-589 inhibits the ATPase activity of the Polθ helicase domain and blocks the Polθ-mediated microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) DNA repair pathway (IC50=0.85 nM). SY-589 also induces the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks by increasing γ-H2AX levels. SY-589 exerts antiproliferative effects on BRCA2-deficient cells and is used in the research of HR-deficient tumors.
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Deoxyguanosine triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade
0 ImagesSynonyms: dGTP trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade; 2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR GradeDeoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade is one of the raw materials used by DNA polymerases to synthesize long DNA strands during DNA replication. Deoxyguanosine triphosphate trisodium,100 mM Solution,PCR Grade is used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for DNA amplification. This product is supplied in the form of an aqueous solution.
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Polθ-IN-4
0 ImagesPolθ-IN-4 is an orally active prodrug of a DNA polymerase θ (Polθ) inhibitor with Kms of 3.7, 3.7 and 5.2 μM in human, mouse and rat recombinant alkaline phosphatases. Polθ-IN-4 that inhibits Polθ activity by targeting its ATP-dependent helicase domain. Polθ-IN-4 demonstrates significant anti-tumor activity in multiple animal experiments. Polθ-IN-4 can be used for the studies of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
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BVDU 5′-Triphosphate ammonium
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-W747737APurity: 98.0%Synonyms: (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-dUTP ammonium; BVdUTP ammoniumBVDU 5′-Triphosphate ammonium is an antivirus agent with 5′-Triphosphate label, targeting viral DNA polymerase. BVDU 5′-Triphosphate ammonium shows excellent selectivity against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), due to a specific phosphorylation by the virus-encoded thymidine kinase.
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FastTaq DNA Polymerase(5'→3' exo-)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-E70404FastTaq DNA Polymerase (5'→3' exo-) is a modified DNA polymerase based on Taq DNA Polymerase. FastTaq DNA Polymerase (5'→3' exo-) lacks the 5'→3' exonuclease activity of wild-type Taq. It retains the 5'→3' DNA polymerase activity of wild-type Taq.
